E
<BASE HREF="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="ja" lang="ja" dir="ltr"><head><title>グルタミン酸 - Wikipedia</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="編集" href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit" /><link rel="edit" title="編集" href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/css/combined.min.css?16" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/css/vector/jquery-ui-1.7.2.css?1.7.2" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (ja)" /><link rel="copyright" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Wikipedia RSSフィード" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0&feed=rss" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atomフィード" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0&feed=atom" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/common/shared.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="print" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/main.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/chick/main.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE50Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE55Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 6]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE60Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE70Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Print.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="print" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Handheld.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&maxage=2678400&gen=css" type="text/css" media="all" /><script type="text/javascript">var skin="monobook",stylepath="/skins-1.5",wgArticlePath="/wiki/$1",wgScriptPath="/w",wgScriptExtension=".php",wgScript="/w/index.php",wgVariantArticlePath=false,wgActionPaths={},wgServer="http://ja.wikipedia.org",wgCanonicalNamespace="",wgCanonicalSpecialPageName=false,wgNamespaceNumber=0,wgPageName="グルタミン酸",wgTitle="グルタミン酸",wgAction="view",wgArticleId=41145,wgIsArticle=true,wgUserName=null,wgUserGroups=null,wgUserLanguage="ja",wgContentLanguage="ja",wgBreakFrames=false,wgCurRevisionId=29629692,wgVersion="1.16alpha-wmf",wgEnableAPI=true,wgEnableWriteAPI=true,wgSeparatorTransformTable=["", ""],wgDigitTransformTable=["", ""],wgMainPageTitle="メインページ",wgFormattedNamespaces={"-2": "メディア", "-1": "特別", "0": "", "1": "ノート", "2": "利用者", "3": "利用者‐会話", "4": "Wikipedia", "5": "Wikipedia‐ノート", "6": "ファイル", "7": "ファイル‐ノート", "8": "MediaWiki", "9": "MediaWiki‐ノート", "10": "Template", "11": "Template‐ノート", "12": "Help", "13": "Help‐ノート", "14": "Category", "15": "Category‐ノート", "100": "Portal", "101": "Portal‐ノート"},wgNamespaceIds={"メディア": -2, "特別": -1, "": 0, "ノート": 1, "利用者": 2, "利用者‐会話": 3, "wikipedia": 4, "wikipedia‐ノート": 5, "ファイル": 6, "ファイル‐ノート": 7, "mediawiki": 8, "mediawiki‐ノート": 9, "template": 10, "template‐ノート": 11, "help": 12, "help‐ノート": 13, "category": 14, "category‐ノート": 15, "portal": 100, "portal‐ノート": 101, "画像": 6, "画像‐ノート": 7, "image": 6, "image_talk": 7},wgMWSuggestTemplate="http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=opensearch\x26search={searchTerms}\x26namespace={namespaces}\x26suggest",wgDBname="jawiki",wgSearchNamespaces=[0],wgMWSuggestMessages=["検索候補を表示", "検索候補を表示しない"],wgRestrictionEdit=[],wgRestrictionMove=[],wgTrackingToken="98912dff444d1e963aeada4c61e36949",wgClickTrackingIsThrottled=true,wgNotice="",wgNoticeLocal="";</script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/wikibits.js?urid=257z2_1254880607" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/ajax.js?urid=257z2" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/mwsuggest.js?urid=257z2" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/js/js2.combined.min.js?8"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/js/plugins.combined.min.js?68"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/CollapsibleTabs/CollapsibleTabs.js?9"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/ClickTracking/ClickTracking.js?4"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/centralnotice/wikipedia/ja/centralnotice.js?257z2"></script><!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="/skins-1.5/common/IEFixes.js?257z2"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--><script src="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&gen=js&useskin=monobook&urid=257z2_14590031" type="text/javascript"></script></head><body class="mediawiki ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-グルタミン酸 skin-monobook"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><script type='text/javascript'>if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice);</script><script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript">/* <![CDATA[ */document.writeln("\x3cp\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n");/* ]]> */</script></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">グルタミン酸</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub">出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』</h3> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav">移動: <a href="#column-one">ナビゲーション</a>, <a href="#searchInput">検索</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f6f6f6; font-size: 95%; width: 280px; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D6E0DC"><small>L</small>-グルタミン酸</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Kwas_glutaminowy.svg" class="image" title="構造式"><img alt="構造式" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kwas_glutaminowy.svg/130px-Kwas_glutaminowy.svg.png" width="130" height="117" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks.png" class="image" title="3Dスティックモデル"><img alt="3Dスティックモデル" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks.png/130px-L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks.png" width="130" height="127" /></a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D6E0DC">一般情報</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/IUPAC%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="IUPAC命名法">系統名</a></td><td style="width: 65%">(<i>S</i>)-2-aminopentanedioic acid</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%">略号</td><td style="width: 65%"><b>Glu</b>, <b>E</b></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%8F" title="分子式" class="mw-redirect">分子式</a></td><td style="width: 65%">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO<sub>4</sub></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量">分子量</a></td><td style="width: 65%">147.13 g/mol</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES" class="mw-redirect">SMILES</a></td><td style="width: 65%"></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/CAS%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS登録番号">CAS登録番号</a></td><td style="width: 65%">[56-86-0]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D6E0DC">性質</th></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E7%82%B9" title="融点">融点</a></td><td style="width: 65%"><span lang="en" xml:lang="en">°C</span></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%">溶解性</td><td style="width: 65%"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E9%85%B8" title="ギ酸">ギ酸</a>に易溶<br />水に難溶<br />エタノール、ジエチルエーテルに不溶</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%">水への溶解度<br />(g/100 g)</td><td style="width: 65%">0.72 (20 ℃)<br />1.51 (40 ℃)<br />3.17 (60 ℃)</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="平衡">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a></td><td style="width: 65%">4.25</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%9B%BB%E7%82%B9" title="等電点">等電点</a></td><td style="width: 65%">3.22</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E4%BD%93%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ファンデルワールス体積 (未作成ページ)">ファンデルワールス体積</a></td><td style="width: 65%">109</td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></td><td style="width: 65%">g/cm<small><sup>3</sup></small></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 35%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3" title="味" class="mw-redirect">味</a></td><td style="width: 65%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%91%B3" title="酸味">酸味</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%BE%E5%91%B3" title="うま味">旨味</a>を伴う（閾値 0.05 mg/mL、<small>L</small>体。<small>D</small>体は甘い）<br />ナトリウム塩は旨味、弱い<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%91%B3" title="甘味">甘味</a>と弱い塩味を伴う（閾値 1 mg/mL）</td></tr></table><p><b>グルタミン酸</b>（グルタミンさん、glutamic acid, glutamate）は、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸">アミノ酸</a>のひとつで、2-アミノペンタン二酸のこと。2-アミノグルタル酸とも呼ばれる。<b>Glu</b> あるいは <b>E</b> の略号で表される。<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE" title="コムギ">小麦</a><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="グルテン">グルテン</a>の<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="加水分解">加水分解</a>物から初めて発見されたことからこの名がついた。英語に準じ、グルタメートと呼ぶこともある。</p><p>酸性極性側鎖アミノ酸に分類される。<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質" class="mw-redirect">蛋白質</a>構成アミノ酸のひとつで、非<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="必須アミノ酸">必須アミノ酸</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>の体内では<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E4%BC%9D%E9%81%94%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="神経伝達物質">神経伝達物質</a>としても機能しており、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="グルタミン酸受容体">グルタミン酸受容体</a>を介して神経伝達が行われる、興奮性の神経伝達物質である。</p><p>グルタミン酸がたくさんつながると、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E8%B1%86" title="納豆">納豆</a>の粘性物質である<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="ポリグルタミン酸">ポリグルタミン酸</a>になる。</p><table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>目次</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#.E7.94.9F.E5.90.88.E6.88.90"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">生合成</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#.E5.AD.98.E5.9C.A8"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">存在</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#.E5.88.A9.E7.94.A8"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">利用</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#.E8.A3.BD.E6.B3.95"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">製法</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#.E5.8A.A0.E6.B0.B4.E5.88.86.E8.A7.A3.E6.B3.95"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">加水分解法</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#.E6.8A.BD.E5.87.BA.E6.B3.95"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">抽出法</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E6.B3.95"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">化学合成法</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#.E9.85.B5.E7.B4.A0.E4.BF.83.E9.80.B2.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E6.B3.95"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">酵素促進合成法</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#.E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">関連項目</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#.E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">外部リンク</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "表示"; var tocHideText = "非表示"; showTocToggle(); } //]]></script><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="セクションを編集: 生合成">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.94.9F.E5.90.88.E6.88.90">生合成</span></h2><p><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="クエン酸回路">クエン酸回路</a>の一員である<a href="/wiki/2-%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E9%85%B8" title="2-オキソグルタル酸" class="mw-redirect">2-オキソグルタル酸</a>が、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="グルタミン酸トランスフェラーゼ (未作成ページ)">グルタミン酸トランスフェラーゼ</a>の作用により他のアミノ酸から<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E5%9F%BA%E8%BB%A2%E7%A7%BB" title="アミノ基転移">アミノ基転移</a>を受けることで合成される。</p><p>あるいは、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%87%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="グルタミン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ (未作成ページ)">グルタミン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ</a> (<a href="/wiki/EC%E7%95%AA%E5%8F%B7" title="EC番号">EC 1.4.1.3</a>) による、グルタミン酸の2-オキソグルタル酸とアンモニアへの分解反応の逆反応により合成される。</p><dl><dd><small>L</small>-glutamate + H<sub>2</sub>O + NAD(P)<sup>+</sup> → 2-oxoglutarate + NH<sub>3</sub> + NAD(P)H + H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="セクションを編集: 存在">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AD.98.E5.9C.A8">存在</span></h2><p><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96" title="コンブ">コンブ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="チーズ">チーズ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%91%E8%8C%B6" title="緑茶">緑茶</a>などに大量に含まれるほか、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1" title="シイタケ">シイタケ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88" title="トマト">トマト</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%8B%E9%A1%9E" title="魚介類">魚介類</a>などにも比較的多く含まれていることが知られている。</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="セクションを編集: 利用">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.88.A9.E7.94.A8">利用</span></h2><p>主に、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%A9" title="食品添加物">食品添加物</a>であるL-<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="グルタミン酸ナトリウム">グルタミン酸ナトリウム</a>（グルタミン酸ソーダ、mono sodium glutamate、MSGあるいはグル曹とも呼ばれる）の中間原料として製造、利用される。グルタミン酸そのものは酸味を持つため、その<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ナトリウム">ナトリウム</a>塩であるグルタミン酸ナトリウムが<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E5%91%B3%E6%96%99" title="調味料">調味料</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%BE%E5%91%B3%E8%AA%BF%E5%91%B3%E6%96%99" title="うま味調味料">うま味調味料</a>）として利用されている。L-<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="グルタミン酸ナトリウム">グルタミン酸ナトリウム</a>を主成分とする調味料として、日本では<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E3%81%AE%E7%B4%A0" title="味の素">味の素</a>などがよく知られている。</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="セクションを編集: 製法">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.A3.BD.E6.B3.95">製法</span></h2><p>グルタミン酸の製造は、現在では<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>のアミノ酸<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5" title="発酵">発酵</a>により、主に<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%9C%9C" title="糖蜜">糖蜜</a>または<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A1" title="コメ" class="mw-redirect">コメ</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81" title="コーンスターチ">コーンスターチ</a>などと<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E5%8C%96%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="塩化アンモニウム">塩化アンモニウム</a>を原料として、生産されている。詳細は<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="アミノ酸発酵 (未作成ページ)">アミノ酸発酵</a>を参照のこと。その他の方法として、下記がある。</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="セクションを編集: 加水分解法">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8A.A0.E6.B0.B4.E5.88.86.E8.A7.A3.E6.B3.95">加水分解法</span></h3><p><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="グルテン">グルテン</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大豆蛋白 (未作成ページ)">大豆蛋白</a>などの植物性タンパク質に、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E9%85%B8" title="塩酸">塩酸</a>を加えて高温のもとで加水分解すると、グルタミン酸の塩酸塩が得られる。かつては小麦粉グルテンを使っての製造が行われていたが、現在は用いられない。</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="セクションを編集: 抽出法">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.8A.BD.E5.87.BA.E6.B3.95">抽出法</span></h3><p><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4" title="テンサイ">テンサイ</a>から<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C%E7%B3%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甜菜糖 (未作成ページ)">甜菜糖</a>を作る過程で出る廃糖蜜には、約3%程度の遊離グルタミン酸が含まれるので、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ステファン法 (未作成ページ)">ステファン法</a>によって抽出すれば利用可能であり、<a href="/wiki/1930%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1930年代">1930年代</a>には工業化されたが、コストが高いことと、廃棄物が多く出ることから、現在は用いられない。</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="セクションを編集: 化学合成法">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E6.B3.95">化学合成法</span></h3><p><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AB" title="アクリロニトリル">アクリロニトリル</a>を原料に、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%96" title="カルボキシル化">カルボキシル化</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="シアノアミン (未作成ページ)">シアノアミン</a>化、加水分解を行うと、<small>DL</small>-グルタミン酸が得られる。これからL-グルタミン酸を分離すればよいが、約同量の<small>D</small>-グルタミン酸ができるので、効率が悪く、現在は用いられない。</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="セクションを編集: 酵素促進合成法">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.85.B5.E7.B4.A0.E4.BF.83.E9.80.B2.E5.90.88.E6.88.90.E6.B3.95">酵素促進合成法</span></h3><p>生合成にも使われている<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%87%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="グルタミン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ (未作成ページ)">グルタミン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ</a>や、<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="アミノトランスフェラーゼ" class="mw-redirect">アミノトランスフェラーゼ</a>、グルタミン酸合成酵素などの<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="酵素">酵素</a>と<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" title="補酵素">補酵素</a>の作用によって、それぞれ異なる原料から製造する方法もある。</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="セクションを編集: 関連項目">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE">関連項目</span></h2><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="アミノ酸発酵 (未作成ページ)">アミノ酸発酵</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="グルタミン酸発酵 (未作成ページ)">グルタミン酸発酵</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-グルタミン発酵 (未作成ページ)">L-グルタミン発酵</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB-L-%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-アセチル-L-グルタミン酸発酵 (未作成ページ)">N-アセチル-L-グルタミン酸発酵</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86%E3%81%BE%E5%91%B3" title="うま味">うま味</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%88%E5%91%B3%E6%80%A7%E3%83%8C%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" title="呈味性ヌクレオチド">呈味性ヌクレオチド</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="ポリグルタミン酸">ポリグルタミン酸</a></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="セクションを編集: 外部リンク">編集</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF">外部リンク</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://hfnet.nih.go.jp/contents/indiv_agreement.html?616" class="external text" rel="nofollow">グルタミン酸 - 「健康食品」の安全性・有効性情報</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E3%83%BB%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="国立健康・栄養研究所">国立健康・栄養研究所</a>）</li></ul><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tr><th style=";background:#cf6" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:75%; color:#000000; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; ;background:#cf6;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA%E3%82%92%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="Template:タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸"><span title="このテンプレートを表示します" style=";background:#cf6;border:none;;">表</span></a><span style="font-size:80%;">・</span><a href="/wiki/Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA%E3%82%92%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="Template‐ノート:タンパク質を構成するアミノ酸"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#cf6;border:none;;" title="このテンプレートのノートを表示します">話</span></a><span style="font-size:80%;">・</span><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA%E3%82%92%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#cf6;border:none;;" title="このテンプレートを編集します。保存の前にプレビューを忘れずに。">編</span></a><span style="font-size:80%;">・</span><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA%E3%82%92%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8&action=history" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#cf6;border:none;;" title="このテンプレートの過去の版を表示します">歴</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質">タンパク質</a>を構成する<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸">アミノ酸</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#df7;">ヒトの<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="必須アミノ酸">必須アミノ酸</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3" title="トリプトファン">トリプトファン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="リシン">リシン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="メチオニン">メチオニン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="フェニルアラニン">フェニルアラニン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="トレオニン">トレオニン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="バリン">バリン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="イソロイシン">イソロイシン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="ロイシン">ロイシン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="ヒスチジン">ヒスチジン</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#df7;">ヒトの非必須アミノ酸</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="アラニン">アラニン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="アルギニン">アルギニン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3" title="アスパラギン">アスパラギン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="セリン">セリン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="アスパラギン酸">アスパラギン酸</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="システイン">システイン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="グルタミン">グルタミン</a> - <strong class="selflink">グルタミン酸</strong> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="グリシン">グリシン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="プロリン">プロリン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="チロシン">チロシン</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#df7;">語句</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="アミノ酸の代謝分解">アミノ酸の代謝分解</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="アミノ酸発酵 (未作成ページ)">アミノ酸発酵</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%A0%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="必須アミノ酸">必須アミノ酸</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" title="ペプチド">ペプチド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3" title="コドン">コドン</a> - <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Γ-アミノ酪酸">GABA</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";background:#df7" colspan="2"><b>主要な<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="生体物質">生体物質</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" title="ペプチド">ペプチド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="アミノ酸">アミノ酸</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="炭水化物">炭水化物</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="テルペノイド">テルペノイド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="カロテノイド">カロテノイド</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="テトラピロール">テトラピロール</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="補因子">補因子</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ステロイド">ステロイド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="フラボノイド">フラボノイド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="アルカロイド">アルカロイド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B1%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" title="ポリケチド">ポリケチド</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="配糖体">配糖体</a></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><!-- NewPP limit reportPreprocessor node count: 471/1000000Post-expand include size: 18038/2048000 bytesTemplate argument size: 5203/2048000 bytesExpensive parser function count: 0/500--><!-- Saved in parser cache with key jawiki:pcache:idhash:41145-0!1!0!!ja!2 and timestamp 20091227165725 --><div class="printfooter">「<a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8">http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8</a>」より作成</div> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA" title="特別:カテゴリ">カテゴリ</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E9%85%B8" title="Category:アミノ酸">アミノ酸</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C%E4%BC%9D%E9%81%94%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="Category:神経伝達物質">神経伝達物質</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="column-one"> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"> <h5>表示</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul lang="ja" xml:lang="ja"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="本文を表示 [c]" accesskey="c">本文</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="記事についての議論 [t]" accesskey="t">ノート</a></li> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=edit" title="このページを編集できます。投稿の前に「プレビューを表示」ボタンを使ってください。 [e]" accesskey="e">編集</a></li> <li id="ca-history"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&action=history" title="このページの過去の版 [h]" accesskey="h">履歴</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"> <h5>個人用ツール</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul lang="ja" xml:lang="ja"> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84%E5%8F%82%E5%8A%A0&from=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="新機能を試してみる" class="no-text-transform">ベータ版を試す</a></li> <li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&returnto=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="ログインすることが推奨されますが、しなくても構いません。 [o]" accesskey="o">ログインまたはアカウント作成</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"> <a style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ja/b/bc/Wiki.png);" href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="メインページに移動"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); </script> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-navigation'> <h5 lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">案内</h5> <div class='pBody'> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="メインページに移動 [z]" accesskey="z">メインページ</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="このプロジェクトについて・あなたのできること・情報を入手する場所">コミュニティ・ポータル</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%8B" title="最近の出来事">最近の出来事</a></li> <li id="n-newpages"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%84%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="最近新規に作成されたページの一覧">新しいページ</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0" title="このウィキにおける最近の更新の一覧 [r]" accesskey="r">最近の更新</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%81%8A%E3%81%BE%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9B%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="ランダムに記事を選んで表示 [x]" accesskey="x">おまかせ表示</a></li> <li id="n-sandbox"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%9C%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="練習用のページ">練習用ページ</a></li> <li id="n-commonsupload"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?uselang=ja" title="画像やメディアファイルをウィキメディア・コモンズにアップロード">アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-help'> <h5 lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">ヘルプ</h5> <div class='pBody'> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E6%AC%A1" title="使い方などの情報を得る場所です">ヘルプ</a></li> <li id="n-villagepump"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%95%E6%88%B8%E7%AB%AF" title="プロジェクトについての意見交換">井戸端</a></li> <li id="n-notice"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B" title="プロジェクトについてのお知らせ">お知らせ</a></li> <li id="n-bugreportspage"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%81%AE%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A" title="ウィキペディア・ソフトウェアのバグ報告">バグの報告</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate/ja?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous_donation" title="ご支援ください">寄付</a></li> <li id="n-contact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%E5%85%88" title="ウィキペディアやウィキメディア財団に関する連絡先">ウィキペディアに関するお問い合わせ</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" class="portlet"> <h5 lang="ja" xml:lang="ja"><label for="searchInput">検索</label></h5> <div id="searchBody" class="pBody"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <input type='hidden' name="title" value="特別:検索"/> <input id="searchInput" title="ウィキ内を検索" accesskey="f" value="" name="search" /> <input type='submit' name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="表示" title="入力された文字列と一致するものがある場合、そのページへ移動します" /> <input type='submit' name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="検索" title="入力された文字列が含まれるページを検索します" /> </form> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"> <h5 lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">ツールボックス</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="このページにリンクしているページの一覧 [j]" accesskey="j">リンク元</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E7%8A%B6%E6%B3%81/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8" title="このページからリンクしているページの最近の更新 [k]" accesskey="k">関連ページの更新状況</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="特別ページの一覧 [q]" accesskey="q">特別ページ一覧</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="このページの印刷用バージョン [p]" accesskey="p">印刷用バージョン</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&oldid=29629692" title="この版への固定リンク">この版への固定リンク</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8&id=29629692" title="このページの引用の仕方">この項目を引用する</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="portlet"> <h5 lang="ja" xml:lang="ja">他の言語</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li class="interwiki-bn"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ca"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_glut%C3%A0mic">Català</a></li> <li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_glutamov%C3%A1">Česky</a></li> <li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyre">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamins%C3%A4ure">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interwiki-en"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid">English</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eo"><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutama_acido">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_glut%C3%A1mico">Español</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_glutamiko">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamiinihappo">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_glutamique">Français</a></li> <li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA">עברית</a></li> <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsav">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_glutamat">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_glutammico">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%ED%83%90%EC%82%B0">한국어</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamat">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamo_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutam%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminezuur">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyre">Norsk (bokmål)</a></li> <li class="interwiki-oc"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_glutamic">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_glutaminowy">Polski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_glut%C3%A2mico">Português</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0">Русский</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_glut%C3%A1mov%C3%A1">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminska_kislina">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyra">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamik_asit">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0">Українська</a></li> <li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">中文</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div id="footer"> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" height="31" width="88" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" /></a></div> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="/images/wikimedia-button.png" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a></div> <ul id="f-list"> <li id="lastmod"> 最終更新 2009年12月22日 (火) 23:01 （日時は<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%AE%9A" title="特別:個人設定">個人設定</a>で未設定ならば<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%99%82" title="協定世界時">UTC</a>）。<br /></li> <li id="copyright">テキストは<a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">クリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンス</a>の下で利用可能です。追加の条件が適用される場合があります。詳細は<a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E8%A6%8F%E7%B4%84">利用規約</a>を参照してください。<br /></li> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="wikimedia:プライバシー・ポリシー">プライバシー・ポリシー</a></li> <li id="about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6" title="Wikipedia:ウィキペディアについて">ウィキペディアについて</a></li> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E4%BA%8B%E9%A0%85" title="Wikipedia:免責事項">免責事項</a></li> </ul> </div></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script><!-- Served by srv180 in 0.067 secs. --></body></html>
グルタミン酸
Glutamic acid
Glu
<BASE HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head><title>Glutamic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.16alpha-wmf" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit" /><link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/css/combined.min.css?16" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/css/vector/jquery-ui-1.7.2.css?1.7.2" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" /><link rel="copyright" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Wikipedia RSS Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=rss" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/common/shared.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/common/commonPrint.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="print" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/main.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/chick/main.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><!--[if lt IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE50Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 5.5000]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE55Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 6]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE60Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><!--[if IE 7]><link rel="stylesheet" href="/skins-1.5/monobook/IE70Fixes.css?257z2" type="text/css" media="screen" /><![endif]--><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Print.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="print" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Handheld.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="handheld" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Monobook.css&usemsgcache=yes&ctype=text%2Fcss&smaxage=2678400&action=raw&maxage=2678400" type="text/css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&maxage=2678400&gen=css" type="text/css" media="all" /><script type="text/javascript">var skin="monobook",stylepath="/skins-1.5",wgArticlePath="/wiki/$1",wgScriptPath="/w",wgScriptExtension=".php",wgScript="/w/index.php",wgVariantArticlePath=false,wgActionPaths={},wgServer="http://en.wikipedia.org",wgCanonicalNamespace="",wgCanonicalSpecialPageName=false,wgNamespaceNumber=0,wgPageName="Glutamic_acid",wgTitle="Glutamic acid",wgAction="view",wgArticleId=63541,wgIsArticle=true,wgUserName=null,wgUserGroups=null,wgUserLanguage="en",wgContentLanguage="en",wgBreakFrames=false,wgCurRevisionId=334637416,wgVersion="1.16alpha-wmf",wgEnableAPI=true,wgEnableWriteAPI=true,wgSeparatorTransformTable=["", ""],wgDigitTransformTable=["", ""],wgMainPageTitle="Main Page",wgFormattedNamespaces={"-2": "Media", "-1": "Special", "0": "", "1": "Talk", "2": "User", "3": "User talk", "4": "Wikipedia", "5": "Wikipedia talk", "6": "File", "7": "File talk", "8": "MediaWiki", "9": "MediaWiki talk", "10": "Template", "11": "Template talk", "12": "Help", "13": "Help talk", "14": "Category", "15": "Category talk", "100": "Portal", "101": "Portal talk", "108": "Book", "109": "Book talk"},wgNamespaceIds={"media": -2, "special": -1, "": 0, "talk": 1, "user": 2, "user_talk": 3, "wikipedia": 4, "wikipedia_talk": 5, "file": 6, "file_talk": 7, "mediawiki": 8, "mediawiki_talk": 9, "template": 10, "template_talk": 11, "help": 12, "help_talk": 13, "category": 14, "category_talk": 15, "portal": 100, "portal_talk": 101, "book": 108, "book_talk": 109, "wp": 4, "wt": 5, "image": 6, "image_talk": 7},wgMWSuggestTemplate="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=opensearch\x26search={searchTerms}\x26namespace={namespaces}\x26suggest",wgDBname="enwiki",wgSearchNamespaces=[0],wgMWSuggestMessages=["with suggestions", "no suggestions"],wgRestrictionEdit=[],wgRestrictionMove=[],wgTrackingToken="b651e1100599fa605933c00e02e4341a",wgClickTrackingIsThrottled=true,wgNotice="",wgNoticeLocal="";</script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/wikibits.js?urid=257z2_1254880607" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/ajax.js?urid=257z2" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="/skins-1.5/common/mwsuggest.js?urid=257z2" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/js/js2.combined.min.js?8"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/js/plugins.combined.min.js?68"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/CollapsibleTabs/CollapsibleTabs.js?9"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/w/extensions/UsabilityInitiative/ClickTracking/ClickTracking.js?4"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/centralnotice/wikipedia/en/centralnotice.js?257z2"></script><!--[if lt IE 7]><script type="text/javascript" src="/skins-1.5/common/IEFixes.js?257z2"></script> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /><![endif]--><script src="/w/index.php?title=-&action=raw&gen=js&useskin=monobook&urid=257z2_331066825" type="text/javascript"></script></head><body class="mediawiki ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Glutamic_acid skin-monobook"> <div id="globalWrapper"> <div id="column-content"> <div id="content"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"><script type='text/javascript'>if (wgNotice != '') document.writeln(wgNotice);</script></div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Glutamic acid</h1> <div id="bodyContent"> <h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="#searchInput">search</a></div> <!-- start content --> <table class="infobox bordered" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 22em; font-size: 88%"><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #f8eaba; text-align: center; font-size: 125%">Glutamic acid</th></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/File:Glutamins%C3%A4ure_-_Glutamic_acid.svg" class="image"><img alt="Glutaminsäure - Glutamic acid.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Glutamins%C3%A4ure_-_Glutamic_acid.svg/200px-Glutamins%C3%A4ure_-_Glutamic_acid.svg.png" width="200" height="95" /></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry_nomenclature" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature" class="mw-redirect">IUPAC name</a></td><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="NavHead" style="width:96%; background:transparent;" align="left"> </div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;">Glutamic acid</div></div></td></tr><tr><td>Other names</td><td>2-Aminopentanedioic acid</td></tr><tr><th style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" title="CAS registry number">CAS number</a></td><td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=617-65-2" class="external text" rel="nofollow">617-65-2</a></span> <sup><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="image"><img alt="Yes check.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="7" height="7" /></a><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup>,<br />56-86-0 (<small>L</small>-isomer)<br />6893-26-1 (<small>D</small>-isomer)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></td><td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=611" class="external text" rel="nofollow">611</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/EC_number_(chemistry)" title="EC number (chemistry)">EC-number</a></td><td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esis/index.php?GENRE=ECNO&ENTREE=210-522-2" class="external text" rel="nofollow">210-522-2</a></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular_input_line_entry_specification" title="Simplified molecular input line entry specification">SMILES</a></td><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="NavHead" style="width:96%; background:transparent;" align="left"><small><tt> </tt></small></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;"><small><tt>N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O</tt></small></div></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></td><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="NavHead" style="width:96%; background:transparent;" align="left"><small> </small></div><div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;"><small>1/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)</small></div></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> ID</td><td><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a href="http://www.chemspider.com/591" class="external text" rel="nofollow">591</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Properties</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" title="Molecular formula" class="mw-redirect">Molecular formula</a></td><td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NO<sub>4</sub></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></td><td>147.13 g mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td>Appearance</td><td>white crystalline powder</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></td><td>1.4601 (20 °C)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></td><td><p>199 °C decomp.</p></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></td><td>soluble</td></tr><tr><th style="background: #F8EABA; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(data_page)" title="Glutamic acid (data page)">Supplementary data page</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(data_page)#Structure_and_properties" title="Glutamic acid (data page)">Structure and<br />properties</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index"><i>n</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" title="Dielectric constant" class="mw-redirect">ε<sub>r</sub></a>, etc.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(data_page)#Thermodynamic_properties" title="Glutamic acid (data page)">Thermodynamic<br />data</a></td><td>Phase behaviour<br />Solid, liquid, gas</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(data_page)#Spectral_data" title="Glutamic acid (data page)">Spectral data</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/UV/VIS_spectroscopy" title="UV/VIS spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect">UV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a>, <a href="/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy" title="NMR spectroscopy">NMR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">MS</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #f8eaba; text-align: center"> <a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="image"><img alt="Yes check.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="14" height="14" /></a><span style="display:none">Y</span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a>  <span class="plainlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&diff=cur&oldid=312174251" class="external text" rel="nofollow">(verify)</a></span><br />Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #f8eaba; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></td></tr></table><p><b>Glutamic acid</b> (abbreviated as <b>Glu</b> or <b>E</b>) is one of the 20 <a href="/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid" title="Proteinogenic amino acid">proteinogenic amino acids</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Codons" title="Codons" class="mw-redirect">codons</a> are GAA and GAG. It is a non-<a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate_anion" title="Carboxylate anion" class="mw-redirect">carboxylate anions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of glutamic acid are known as <b>glutamates</b>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Biosynthesis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Biosynthesis</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Function_and_uses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Function and uses</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Metabolism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metabolism</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Neurotransmitter"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neurotransmitter</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Brain_nonsynaptic_glutamatergic_signaling_circuits"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Brain nonsynaptic glutamatergic signaling circuits</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#GABA_precursor"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">GABA precursor</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Flavor_enhancer"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Flavor enhancer</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Nutrient"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Nutrient</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Plant_growth"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Plant growth</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Production"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Production</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Pharmacology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Pharmacology</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]></script><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2><p>The <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain" class="mw-redirect">side chain</a> <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a> has <a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">pK<sub>a</sub></a> of 4.1 and exists in its <a href="/wiki/Negatively_charged" title="Negatively charged" class="mw-redirect">negatively charged</a> <a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylate</a> form at <a href="/wiki/Physiological_pH" title="Physiological pH" class="mw-redirect">physiological pH</a>.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(flavor)" title="Glutamic acid (flavor)">Glutamic acid (flavor)</a></div><p>Although they occur naturally in many foods, the flavor contributions made by glutamic acid and other amino acids were only scientifically identified early in the twentieth century. The substance was discovered and identified in the year 1866, by the German chemist Karl Heinrich Leopold Ritthausen. In 1907 Japanese researcher <a href="/wiki/Kikunae_Ikeda" title="Kikunae Ikeda">Kikunae Ikeda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University" title="Tokyo Imperial University" class="mw-redirect">Tokyo Imperial University</a> identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a> broth as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced the ineffable but undeniable flavor he detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_0-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks2.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks2.png/180px-L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks2.png" width="180" height="184" class="thumbimage" /></a><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:L-glutamic-acid-3D-sticks2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>A representation of the structure of <small>L</small>-glutamic acid.</div></div></div><table align="left" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="background: #FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #C0C090;"><tr><th style="background-color: #F8EABA;"><a href="/wiki/Reactants" title="Reactants" class="mw-redirect">Reactants</a></th><th style="background-color: #F8EABA;"><a href="/wiki/Products" title="Products" class="mw-redirect">Products</a></th><th style="background-color: #F8EABA;"><a href="/wiki/Enzymes" title="Enzymes" class="mw-redirect">Enzymes</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a> + <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Protein:GLS" title="Protein:GLS" class="mw-redirect">GLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein:GLS2" title="Protein:GLS2" class="mw-redirect">GLS2</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/N_acetylglutamic_acid" title="N acetylglutamic acid" class="mw-redirect">NAcGlu</a> + <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetate</a></td><td>(unknown)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ketoglutaric_acid" title="Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutarate</a> + <a href="/wiki/NADP" title="NADP" class="mw-redirect">NADP</a>H + NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + <a href="/wiki/NADP" title="NADP" class="mw-redirect">NADP</a><sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td><a href="/wiki/Protein:GLUD1" title="Protein:GLUD1" class="mw-redirect">GLUD1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein:GLUD2" title="Protein:GLUD2" class="mw-redirect">GLUD2</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ketoglutaric_acid" title="Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutarate</a> + <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">α-amino acid</a></td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxo_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxo acid (page does not exist)">α-oxo acid</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminase</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (page does not exist)">1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate</a> + <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD<sup>+</sup></a> + H<sub>2</sub>O</td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + NADH</td><td><a href="/wiki/Protein:ALDH4A1" title="Protein:ALDH4A1" class="mw-redirect">ALDH4A1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/N-formimino-L-glutamate" title="N-formimino-L-glutamate" class="mw-redirect">N-formimino-L-glutamate</a> + <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" title="Folic acid">FH<sub>4</sub></a></td><td>→ <b>Glu</b> + <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" title="Folic acid">5-formimino-FH<sub>4</sub></a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Protein:FTCD" title="Protein:FTCD" class="mw-redirect">FTCD</a></td></tr></table><p><br clear="left" /></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function and uses">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Function_and_uses">Function and uses</span></h2><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Metabolism">Metabolism</span></h3><p>Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>. In humans, dietary <a href="/wiki/Proteins" title="Proteins" class="mw-redirect">proteins</a> are broken down by digestion into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" title="Amino acids" class="mw-redirect">amino acids</a>, which serves as metabolic fuel for other functional roles in the body. A key process in amino acid degradation is <a href="/wiki/Transamination" title="Transamination">transamination</a>, in which the amino group of an amino acid is transferred to an α-ketoacid, typically catalysed by a <a href="/wiki/Transaminase" title="Transaminase">transaminase</a>. The reaction can be generalised as such:</p><dl><dd>R<sub>1</sub>-amino acid + R<sub>2</sub>-α-ketoacid <span class="Unicode">⇌</span> R<sub>1</sub>-α-ketoacid + R<sub>2</sub>-amino acid</dd></dl><p>A very common α-keto acid is α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>. Transamination of α-ketoglutarate gives glutamate. The resulting α-ketoacid product is often a useful one as well, which can contribute as fuel or as a substrate for further metabolism processes. Examples are as follows:</p><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> + α-ketoglutarate <span class="Unicode">⇌</span> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" title="Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect">pyruvate</a> + glutamate</dd></dl><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" title="Aspartate" class="mw-redirect">Aspartate</a> + α-ketoglutarate <span class="Unicode">⇌</span> <a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetate" title="Oxaloacetate" class="mw-redirect">oxaloacetate</a> + glutamate</dd></dl><p>Both pyruvate and oxaloacetate are key components of cellular metabolism, contributing as substrates or intermediates in fundamental processes such as <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> and also the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a>.</p><p>Glutamate also plays an important role in the body's disposal of excess or waste <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. Glutamate undergoes <a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination">deamination</a>, an oxidative reaction catalysed by <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">glutamate dehydrogenase</a>, as follows:</p><dl><dd>glutamate + water + <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADP</a><sup>+</sup> → α-ketoglutarate + <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a> + <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> + H<sup>+</sup></dd></dl><p>Ammonia (as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>) is then excreted predominantly as <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, synthesised in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. Transamination can thus be linked to deamination, effectively allowing nitrogen from the amine groups of amino acids to be removed, via glutamate as an intermediate, and finally excreted from the body in the form of urea.</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neurotransmitter">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</span></h3><p>Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> in the vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Synapses" title="Synapses" class="mw-redirect">chemical synapses</a>, glutamate is stored in vesicles. <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulses" title="Nerve impulses" class="mw-redirect">Nerve impulses</a> trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptors" title="Glutamate receptors" class="mw-redirect">glutamate receptors</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a>, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity" title="Synaptic plasticity">synaptic plasticity</a>, glutamate is involved in cognitive functions like <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> in the brain. The form of plasticity known as <a href="/wiki/Long-term_potentiation" title="Long-term potentiation">long-term potentiation</a> takes place at glutamatergic synapses in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>, and other parts of the brain.</p><p><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">Glutamate transporters</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> are found in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia" class="mw-redirect">glial</a> membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a> channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>. The mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">cell death</a> include</p><ul><li>Damage to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" title="Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect">mitochondria</a> from excessively high intracellular <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><ul><li>Glu/Ca<sup>2+</sup>-mediated promotion of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes.</li></ul><p>Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cascade" title="Ischemic cascade">ischemic cascade</a> and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and diseases like <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathyrism" title="Lathyrism">lathyrism</a>, autism, some forms of mental retardation and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>.</p><p>Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Depolarisation" title="Depolarisation" class="mw-redirect">depolarisations</a> around one <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paroxysmal depolarizing shift (page does not exist)">paroxysmal depolarizing shift</a> in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of <a href="/wiki/VOCC" title="VOCC" class="mw-redirect">voltage-activated calcium channels</a>, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization.</p><p>Experimental techniques to detect glutamate in intact cells include using a genetically-engineered <a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">nanosensor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> The sensor is a fusion of a glutamate-binding protein and two fluorescent proteins. When glutamate binds, the fluorescence of the sensor under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light changes by <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer" title="Fluorescence resonance energy transfer" class="mw-redirect">resonance between the two fluorophores</a>. Introduction of the nanosensor into cells enables optical detection of the glutamate concentration. Synthetic analogs of glutamic acid that can be activated by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light and <a href="/wiki/Two-photon_excitation_microscopy" title="Two-photon excitation microscopy">two-photon excitation microscopy</a> have also been described.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> This method of rapidly uncaging by <a href="/wiki/Photostimulation" title="Photostimulation">photostimulation</a> is useful for mapping the connections between neurons, and understanding synapse function.</p><p>Evolution of glutamate receptors is entirely the opposite in invertebrates, particularly arthropods and nematodes, where glutamate stimulates glutamate-gated chloride channels. The beta subunits of the receptor respond with very high affinity to glutamate and glycine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Targeting these receptors has been the therapeutic goal of <a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">anthelmintic</a> therapy using <a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">avermectins</a>. Avermectins target the alpha-subunit of glutamate-gated chloride channels with high affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> These receptors have also been described in arthropods, such as <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and <i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Irreversible activation of these receptors with avermectins results in hyperpolarization at synapses and neuromuscular junctions resulting in flaccid paralysis and death of nematodes and arthropods.</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brain nonsynaptic glutamatergic signaling circuits">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Brain_nonsynaptic_glutamatergic_signaling_circuits">Brain nonsynaptic glutamatergic signaling circuits</span></h3><p>Extracellular glutamate in <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">drosophila</a> brains has been found to regulate postsynaptic glutamate receptor clustering, via a process involving receptor desensitization.<sup id="cite_ref-augustin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustin-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> A gene expressed in <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell" title="Glial cell">glial cells</a> actively transports glutamate into the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_space" title="Extracellular space" class="mw-redirect">extracellular space</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-augustin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-augustin-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> while in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> stimulating group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, this gene was found to reduce extracellular glutamate levels.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> This raises the possibility that this extracellular glutamate plays an "endocrine-like" role as part of a larger homeostatic system.</p><h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GABA precursor">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="GABA_precursor">GABA precursor</span></h4><p>Glutamate also serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA" class="mw-redirect">GABA</a> in GABA-ergic neurons. This reaction is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">glutamate decarboxylase</a> (GAD), which is most abundant in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.</p><p><a href="/wiki/Stiff-man_syndrome" title="Stiff-man syndrome" class="mw-redirect">Stiff-man syndrome</a> is a neurologic disorder caused by anti-GAD antibodies, leading to a decrease in GABA synthesis and therefore, impaired motor function such as muscle stiffness and spasm. Since the pancreas is also abundant for the enzyme GAD, a direct immunological destruction occurs in the pancreas and the patients will have diabetes mellitus.</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flavor enhancer">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Flavor_enhancer">Flavor enhancer</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(flavor)" title="Glutamic acid (flavor)">glutamic acid (flavor)</a></div><p>Free glutamic acid is present in a wide variety of foods, including <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> and is responsible for one of the five <a href="/wiki/Basic_taste" title="Basic taste" class="mw-redirect">basic tastes</a> of the human sense of <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>). Glutamic acid is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavour_enhancer" title="Flavour enhancer">flavour enhancer</a> in the form of its <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">monosodium glutamate</a> (MSG).</p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nutrient">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nutrient">Nutrient</span></h3><p>All meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a> are excellent sources of glutamic acid. Some protein-rich plant foods also serve as sources. Ninety-five percent of the dietary glutamate is metabolized by intestinal cells in a first pass.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p><h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plant growth">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Plant_growth">Plant growth</span></h3><p><a href="/wiki/Auxigro" title="Auxigro">Auxigro</a> is a plant growth preparation that contains 30% glutamic acid.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span></h2><p>China-based <a href="/wiki/Fufeng_Group" title="Fufeng Group">Fufeng Group</a> Limited is the largest producer of glutamic acid in the world, with capacity increasing to 300,000 tons at the end of 2006 from 180,000 tons during 2006, putting them at 25%–30% of the Chinese market. Meihua is the second largest Chinese producer. Together, the top five producers have roughly 50% share in China. Chinese demand is roughly 1.1 million tons per year, while global demand, including China, is 1.7 million tons per year.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</span></h2><p>The drug <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a> (more commonly known as PCP) <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonizes</a> glutamic acid non-competitively at the NMDA receptor. For the same reasons, sub-anaesthetic doses of <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> have strong dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Glutamate does not easily pass the <a href="/wiki/Blood_brain_barrier" title="Blood brain barrier" class="mw-redirect">blood brain barrier</a>, but instead this transport is mediated by a high affinity transport system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> It can also be converted into <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>.</p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li></ul><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-guardian-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_0-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Renton, Alex (2005-07-10). "<a href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1522368,00.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">If MSG is so bad for you, why doesn't everyone in Asia have a headache?</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1522368,00.html" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,,1522368,00.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=If+MSG+is+so+bad+for+you%2C+why+doesn%27t+everyone+in+Asia+have+a+headache%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Renton%2C%26%2332%3BAlex&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BThe+Guardian%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Ffoodmonthly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1522368%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">"<a href="http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/kikunae_ikeda.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Kikunae Ikeda Sodium Glutamate</a>". <a href="/wiki/Japan_Patent_Office" title="Japan Patent Office">Japan Patent Office</a>. 2002-10-07<span class="printonly">. <a href="http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/kikunae_ikeda.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/kikunae_ikeda.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Kikunae+Ikeda+Sodium+Glutamate&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2002-10-07&rft.pub=%5B%5BJapan+Patent+Office%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpo.go.jp%2Fseido_e%2Frekishi_e%2Fkikunae_ikeda.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Shigeri Y, Seal RP, Shimamoto K (July 2004). "Molecular pharmacology of glutamate transporters, EAATs and VGLUTs". <i>Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev.</i> <b>45</b> (3): 250–65. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2004.04.004" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.04.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15210307" class="external text" rel="nofollow">15210307</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+pharmacology+of+glutamate+transporters%2C+EAATs+and+VGLUTs&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Brain+Res.+Rev.&rft.aulast=Shigeri+Y%2C+Seal+RP%2C+Shimamoto+K&rft.au=Shigeri+Y%2C+Seal+RP%2C+Shimamoto+K&rft.date=July+2004&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250%E2%80%9365&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2004.04.004&rft_id=info:pmid/15210307&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Manev H, Favaron M, Guidotti A, Costa E (July 1989). "<a href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2568579" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Delayed increase of Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate: role in neuronal death</a>". <i>Mol. Pharmacol.</i> <b>36</b> (1): 106–12. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2568579" class="external text" rel="nofollow">2568579</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2568579" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2568579</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Delayed+increase+of+Ca2%2B+influx+elicited+by+glutamate%3A+role+in+neuronal+death&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Pharmacol.&rft.aulast=Manev+H%2C+Favaron+M%2C+Guidotti+A%2C+Costa+E&rft.au=Manev+H%2C+Favaron+M%2C+Guidotti+A%2C+Costa+E&rft.date=July+1989&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106%E2%80%9312&rft_id=info:pmid/2568579&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmolpharm.aspetjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D2568579&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Okumoto, S., <i>et al.</i> (2005). "<a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15939876" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Detection of glutamate release from neurons by genetically encoded surface-displayed FRET nanosensors</a>". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A</i> <b>102</b> (24): 8740–8745. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503274102" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1073/pnas.0503274102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939876" class="external text" rel="nofollow">15939876</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection+of+glutamate+release+from+neurons+by+genetically+encoded+surface-displayed+FRET+nanosensors&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+U.S.A&rft.aulast=Okumoto%2C+S.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Okumoto%2C+S.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=8740%E2%80%938745&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.0503274102&rft_id=info:pmid/15939876&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ellis-Davies, G.C.R., <i>et al.</i> (2007). "4- Carboxymethoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl-Glu: an improved caged glutamate for expeditious ultra- violet and 2-photon photolysis in brain slices". <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i> <b>27</b> (Jun): 6601–6604. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1519-07.2007" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1519-07.2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17581946" class="external text" rel="nofollow">17581946</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=4-+%0ACarboxymethoxy-5%2C7-dinitroindolinyl-Glu%3A+an+improved+caged+glutamate+for+expeditious+ultra-+%0Aviolet+and+2-photon+photolysis+in+brain+slices&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Ellis-Davies%2C+G.C.R.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Ellis-Davies%2C+G.C.R.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Jun&rft.pages=6601%E2%80%936604&rft_id=info:doi/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.1519-07.2007&rft_id=info:pmid/17581946&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Laughton, D.L., Wheeler, S.V., Lunt, G.G. and Wolstenholme, A.J. 1995. "The beta-subunit of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> avermectin receptor responds to glycine and is encoded by chromosome 1". <i>J. Neurochem.</i> 64, 2354-2357</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> Cully, D.F., Vassilatis, D.K., Liu, K.K., Paress, P.S., Van der Ploeg, L.H.T., Schaeffer, J.M. and Arena, J.P. 1994. "Cloning of an avermectin-sensitive glutamate gated choride channels from <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>". <i>Nature</i> 371, 707-711</li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> Cully, D.F., Paress, P.S., Liu, K.K., Schaeffer, J.M. and Arena, J.P. 1996. "Identification of a <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> glutamate-gated chloride channel sensitive to the antiparasitic agent avermectin". <i>J. Biol. Chem. '271, 20187-20191'</i></li><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> Tribble, N.D., Burka, J.F. and Kibenge, F.S.B. 2007. "Identification of the genes encoding for putative gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) alpha receptor subunits in sea lice (<i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i>)". <i>J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.</i> 30, 163-167</li><li id="cite_note-augustin-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-augustin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-augustin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal">Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE (2007). "<a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2193629" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Nonvesicular release of glutamate by glial xCT transporters suppresses glutamate receptor clustering in vivo</a>". <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i> <b>27</b> (1): 111–123. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4770-06.2007" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4770-06.2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202478" class="external text" rel="nofollow">17202478</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nonvesicular+release+of+glutamate+by+glial+xCT+transporters+suppresses+glutamate+receptor+clustering+in+vivo&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.aulast=Augustin+H%2C+Grosjean+Y%2C+Chen+K%2C+Sheng+Q%2C+Featherstone+DE&rft.au=Augustin+H%2C+Grosjean+Y%2C+Chen+K%2C+Sheng+Q%2C+Featherstone+DE&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111%E2%80%93123&rft_id=info:doi/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4770-06.2007&rft_id=info:pmid/17202478&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Zheng Xi, Baker DA, Shen H, Carson DS, Kalivas PW (2002). "Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens". <i>Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics</i> <b>300</b> (1): 162–171. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.300.1.162" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10.1124/jpet.300.1.162</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752112" class="external text" rel="nofollow">11752112</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Group+II+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+modulate+extracellular+glutamate+in+the+nucleus+accumbens&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Experimental+Therapeutics&rft.aulast=Zheng+Xi%2C+Baker+DA%2C+Shen+H%2C+Carson+DS%2C+Kalivas+PW&rft.au=Zheng+Xi%2C+Baker+DA%2C+Shen+H%2C+Carson+DS%2C+Kalivas+PW&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=162%E2%80%93171&rft_id=info:doi/10.1124%2Fjpet.300.1.162&rft_id=info:pmid/11752112&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Reeds, P.J., <i>et al.</i> (1 April 2000). "<a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/978S" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Intestinal glutamate metabolism</a>". <i>Journal of Nutrition</i> <b>130</b> (4s): 978S–982S. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736365" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10736365</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/978S" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/978S</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intestinal+glutamate+metabolism&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutrition&rft.aulast=Reeds%2C+P.J.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Reeds%2C+P.J.%2C+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=1+April+2000&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4s&rft.pages=978S%E2%80%93982S&rft_id=info:pmid/10736365&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F130%2F4%2F978S&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Smith QR (April 2000). "<a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736373" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood-brain barrier</a>". <i>J. Nutr.</i> <b>130</b> (4S Suppl): 1016S–22S. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736373" class="external text" rel="nofollow">10736373</a><span class="printonly">. <a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736373" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10736373</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Transport+of+glutamate+and+other+amino+acids+at+the+blood-brain+barrier&rft.jtitle=J.+Nutr.&rft.aulast=Smith+QR&rft.au=Smith+QR&rft.date=April+2000&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4S+Suppl&rft.pages=1016S%E2%80%9322S&rft_id=info:pmid/10736373&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10736373&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ol></div><h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFNelsonCox2005">Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (2005), <i>Principles of Biochemistry</i> (4th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-4339-6">0-7167-4339-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Nelson%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+L.&rft.au=Cox%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+M.&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.%26nbsp%3BH.+Freeman&rft.isbn=0-7167-4339-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Glutamic_acid"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:AminoAcids" title="Template:AminoAcids"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:AminoAcids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:AminoAcids (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:AminoAcids&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">The <a href="/wiki/Proteinogenic_amino_acid" title="Proteinogenic amino acid">20 Common</a> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino Acids</a> ("dp" = data page)</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acids" title="Branched-chain amino acids">Branched-chain amino acids</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isoleucine_(data_page)" title="Isoleucine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leucine_(data_page)" title="Leucine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valine_(data_page)" title="Valine (data page)">dp</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Non Branch-chain</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alanine_(data_page)" title="Alanine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_(data_page)" title="Arginine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asparagine_(data_page)" title="Asparagine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid_(data_page)" title="Aspartic acid (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cysteine_(data_page)" title="Cysteine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <strong class="selflink">Glutamic acid</strong> (<a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid_(data_page)" title="Glutamic acid (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glutamine_(data_page)" title="Glutamine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glycine_(data_page)" title="Glycine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histidine_(data_page)" title="Histidine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lysine_(data_page)" title="Lysine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methionine_(data_page)" title="Methionine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_(data_page)" title="Phenylalanine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proline_(data_page)" title="Proline (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serine_(data_page)" title="Serine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Threonine_(data_page)" title="Threonine (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_(data_page)" title="Tryptophan (data page)">dp</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_(data_page)" title="Tyrosine (data page)">dp</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Other classifications</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acids" title="Essential amino acids" class="mw-redirect">Essential amino acids</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">Ketogenic amino acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">Glucogenic amino acid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><b>Major families of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemicals</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Saccharides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">Glycosides</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteins</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">Terpenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nucleobases" title="Nucleobases" class="mw-redirect">Nucleobases</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" title="Nucleic acids" class="mw-redirect">Nucleic acids</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoids" title="Phenylpropanoids" class="mw-redirect">Phenylpropanoids</a>/<a href="/wiki/Polyketide" title="Polyketide">Polyketides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrrole" title="Tetrapyrrole">Tetrapyrroles</a></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamatergics" title="Template:Glutamatergics"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glutamatergics" title="Template talk:Glutamatergics"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Glutamatergics&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect">Glutamatergics</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic" title="Ionotropic" class="mw-redirect">Ionotropic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Agonists</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a> • <a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic Acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic Acid</a>; <i>Positive Allosteric Modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a> • <a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a> • <a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546" class="mw-redirect">CX-546</a> • <a href="/wiki/CX-614" title="CX-614" class="mw-redirect">CX-614</a> • <a href="/wiki/CX-691" title="CX-691" class="mw-redirect">CX-691</a> • <a href="/wiki/CX-717" title="CX-717" class="mw-redirect">CX-717</a> • <a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392,098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392,098 (page does not exist)">LY-392,098</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-404,187" title="LY-404,187">LY-404,187</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451,395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451,395 (page does not exist)">LY-451,395</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451,646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451,646 (page does not exist)">LY-451,646</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-503,430" title="LY-503,430">LY-503,430</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a> • <a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sunifiram" title="Sunifiram">Sunifiram</a> • <a href="/wiki/Unifiram" title="Unifiram">Unifiram</a><br /><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a> • <a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/GYKI-52466" title="GYKI-52466">GYKI-52466</a> • <a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel (LY-293,558)</a>; <i>Negative Allosteric Modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53,655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53,655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53,655</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Glutamate/Acite Site Competitive Agonists</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aspartate" title="Aspartate" class="mw-redirect">Aspartate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect">Glutamate</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homoquinolinic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homoquinolinic acid (page does not exist)">Homoquinolinic Acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic Acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/NMDA" title="NMDA" class="mw-redirect">NMDA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic Acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a>; <i>Glycine Site Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACPC (page does not exist)">ACPC</a> • <a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoroalanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoroalanine (page does not exist)">Fluoroalanine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=HA-966&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HA-966 (page does not exist)">HA-966</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-687,414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-687,414 (page does not exist)">L-687,414</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milacemide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milacemide (page does not exist)">Milacemide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a>; <i>Polyamine Site Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a>:</b> <i>Competitive Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a> • <a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a> • <a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39551&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39551 (page does not exist)">CGP-39551</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGS-19755&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGS-19755 (page does not exist)">CGS-19755</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233,053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233,053 (page does not exist)">LY-233,053</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-235,959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-235,959 (page does not exist)">LY-235,959</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274,614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274,614 (page does not exist)">LY-274,614</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100,453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100,453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100,453</a> • <a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel" class="mw-redirect">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12,626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12,626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12,626</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17,742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17,742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17,742</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a> • <a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a> • <a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel (CGS-19,755</a>); <i>Noncompetitive Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15,896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15,896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15,896</a> • <a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol (HU-211)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115,427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115,427 (page does not exist)">FR-115,427</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27,266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27,266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27,266</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPS-1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPS-1506 (page does not exist)">NPS-1506</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychotridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychotridine (page does not exist)">Psychotridine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>; <i>Uncompetitive Pore Blockers:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a> • <a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect">8A-PDHQ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel (CNS-1102)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12,495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12,495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12,495</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-15,896-AR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-15,896-AR (page does not exist)">ARL-15,896-AR</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-16,247&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-16,247 (page does not exist)">ARL-16,247</a> • <a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endopsychosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endopsychosin (page does not exist)">Endopsychosin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indantadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indantadol (page does not exist)">Indantadol (CHF-3381)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meperidine" title="Meperidine" class="mw-redirect">Meperidine (Pethidine)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a> • <a href="/wiki/Morphanol" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a>) • <a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous Oxide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phencyclamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phencyclamine (page does not exist)">Phencyclamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" title="Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect">Propoxyphene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a>; <i>Glycine Site Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1021 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1021</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">ACPC</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Chlorokynurenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Chlorokynurenate (page does not exist)">CKA</a> • <a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid" class="mw-redirect">DCKA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavestinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavestinel (page does not exist)">Gavestinel (GV-150,526)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196,771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196,771 (page does not exist)">GV-196,771</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic Acid</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689,560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689,560 (page does not exist)">L-689,560</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-701,324&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-701,324 (page does not exist)">L-701,324</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Licostinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Licostinel (page does not exist)">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73,068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73,068 (page does not exist)">LU-73,068</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105,519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105,519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105,519</a> • <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZD-9379&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZD-9379 (page does not exist)">ZD-9379</a>; <i>NR2B Subunit Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besonprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besonprodil (page does not exist)">Besonprodil</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101,244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101,244 (page does not exist)">CO-101,244 (PD-174,494)</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-101,606&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-101,606 (page does not exist)">CP-101,606</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nylidrin" title="Nylidrin" class="mw-redirect">Nylidrin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro8-4304</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro25-6981</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traxoprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traxoprodil (page does not exist)">Traxoprodil</a>; <i>Polyamine Site Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a> • <a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a> • <a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a>; <i>Unclassified/Unsorted Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl Ether</a> • <a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol (Alcohol)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a> • <a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic Acid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainate</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339,434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339,434 (page does not exist)">LY-339,434</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=SYM-2081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SYM-2081 (page does not exist)">SYM-2081</a><br /><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382,884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382,884 (page does not exist)">LY-382,884</a> • <a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a> • <a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a> • <a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; <i>Negative Allosteric Modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_I" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group I</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylglycine" title="Dihydroxyphenylglycine">DHPG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic Acid</a>; <i>mGlu1-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ro01-6128" title="Ro01-6128">Ro01-6128</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ro67-4853" title="Ro67-4853">Ro67-4853</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro67-7476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro67-7476 (page does not exist)">Ro67-7476</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-71 (page does not exist)">VU-71</a>; <i>mGlu5-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/ADX-47273" title="ADX-47273">ADX-47273</a> • <a href="/wiki/CDPPB" title="CDPPB">CDPPB</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHPG (page does not exist)">CHPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino)methanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino)methanimine (page does not exist)">DFB</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-1545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-1545 (page does not exist)">VU-1545</a><br /><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPS-2390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPS-2390 (page does not exist)">NPS-2390</a>; <i>mGlu1-Selective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_36-7620&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 36-7620 (page does not exist)">BAY 36-7620</a> • <a href="/wiki/CPCCOEt" title="CPCCOEt">CPCCOEt</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-367,385&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-367,385 (page does not exist)">LY-367,385</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-456,236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-456,236 (page does not exist)">LY-456,236</a>; <i>mGlu5-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/DMeOB" title="DMeOB">DMeOB</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fenobam" title="Fenobam">Fenobam</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-344,545" title="LY-344,545">LY-344,545</a> • <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/MTEP" title="MTEP">MTEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/SIB-1757" title="SIB-1757">SIB-1757</a> • <a href="/wiki/SIB-1893" title="SIB-1893">SIB-1893</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_II_.26_Group_III" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group II</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CBiPES&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CBiPES (page does not exist)">CBiPES</a> • <a href="/wiki/DCG-IV" title="DCG-IV">DCG-IV</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eglumegad" title="Eglumegad">Eglumegad (LY-354,740)</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-379,268" title="LY-379,268">LY-379,268</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-404,039" title="LY-404,039">LY-404,039</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-487,379" title="LY-487,379">LY-487,379</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MGS-0028&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MGS-0028 (page does not exist)">MGS-0028</a>; <i>mGlu2-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/Biphenylindanone_A" title="Biphenylindanone A">BINA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-566,332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-566,332 (page does not exist)">LY-566,332</a><br /><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/wiki/APICA_(drug)" title="APICA (drug)">APICA</a> • <a href="/wiki/EGLU" title="EGLU">EGLU</a> • <a href="/wiki/HYDIA" title="HYDIA">HYDIA</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-307,452" title="LY-307,452">LY-307,452</a> • <a href="/wiki/LY-341,495" title="LY-341,495">LY-341,495</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MCPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MCPG (page does not exist)">MCPG</a>: <i>mGlu2-Selective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PCCG-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCCG-4 (page does not exist)">PCCG-4</a>; <i>mGlu3-Selective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CECXG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CECXG (page does not exist)">CECXG</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor#Group_II_.26_Group_III" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Group III</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/wiki/L-AP4" title="L-AP4">L-AP4</a>; <i>mGlu4-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/PHCCC" title="PHCCC">PHCCC</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-001,171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-001,171 (page does not exist)">VU-001,171</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0155,041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0155,041 (page does not exist)">VU-0155,041</a>; <i>mGlu7-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/AMN082" title="AMN082">AMN082</a>; <i>mGlu8-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/DCPG" title="DCPG">DCPG</a><br /><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Unselective:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CPPG (page does not exist)">CPPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAP4_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAP4 (drug) (page does not exist)">MAP4</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MSOP_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSOP (drug) (page does not exist)">MSOP</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPPG (page does not exist)">MPPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=MTPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTPG (page does not exist)">MTPG</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=UBP-1112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UBP-1112 (page does not exist)">UBP-1112</a>; <i>mGlu7-Selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/MMPIP" title="MMPIP">MMPIP</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background: LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">Transporter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_transporter" title="Glutamate transporter">EAATs</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrokainic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrokainic acid (page does not exist)">DHKA</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=L-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-trans-Pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PDC</a> • <a href="/wiki/WAY-213,613" title="WAY-213,613">WAY-213,613</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_glutamate_transporters" title="Vesicular glutamate transporters" class="mw-redirect">vGluTs</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Chlorokynurenic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Chlorokynurenic acid (page does not exist)">7-CKA</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evans_blue" title="Evans blue">Evans Blue</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background: LightYellow;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_cation_channel_C_6" title="Transient receptor potential cation channel C 6" class="mw-redirect">TRPC6</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template:Amino acid metabolism intermediates"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Amino_acid_metabolism_intermediates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Amino acid metabolism intermediates (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_intermediates&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">metabolism</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">metabolic intermediates</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">K</a>→<a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saccharopine" title="Saccharopine">Saccharopine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Allysine" title="Allysine">Allysine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Aminoadipic_acid" title="Alpha-Aminoadipic acid">α-Aminoadipic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoadipic_acid" title="Alpha-Ketoadipic acid">α-Aminoadipate</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA" title="Glutaryl-CoA">Glutaryl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutaconyl-CoA" title="Glutaconyl-CoA">Glutaconyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Crotonyl-CoA" title="Crotonyl-CoA">Crotonyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA" title="Beta-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA">β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoisocaproic_acid" title="Alpha-Ketoisocaproic acid">α-Ketoisocaproic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Isovaleryl-CoA" title="Isovaleryl-CoA">Isovaleryl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA" title="3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA" class="mw-redirect">3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA" title="3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA">3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA" title="HMG-CoA">HMG-CoA</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">tryptophan</a>→<a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%27-Formylkynurenine" title="N'-Formylkynurenine">N'-Formylkynurenine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Anthranilic_acid" title="Anthranilic acid">Anthranilic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxykynurenine" title="3-Hydroxykynurenine">3-Hydroxykynurenine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyanthranilic_acid" title="3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid">3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic_semialdehyde" title="2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde">2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Aminomuconic_semialdehyde" title="2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde">2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Aminomuconic_acid" title="2-Aminomuconic acid">2-Aminomuconic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA" title="Glutaryl-CoA">Glutaryl-CoA</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">G</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">G→<a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" title="Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect">pyruvate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Citrate" title="Citrate">citrate</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><p><a href="/wiki/3-Phosphoglyceric_acid" title="3-Phosphoglyceric acid">3-Phosphoglyceric acid</a><br /></p><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glycocyamine" title="Glycocyamine">Glycocyamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Phosphocreatine" title="Phosphocreatine">Phosphocreatine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">Creatinine</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">G→<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect">glutamate</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutarate</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Urocanic_acid" title="Urocanic acid">Urocanic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic_acid" title="Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid">Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Formiminoglutamic_acid" title="Formiminoglutamic acid">Formiminoglutamic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate-1-semialdehyde" title="Glutamate-1-semialdehyde">Glutamate-1-semialdehyde</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid">1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">Ornithine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">other</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>+<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Glutamylcysteine" title="Gamma-Glutamylcysteine">γ-Glutamylcysteine</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">G→<a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">propionyl-CoA</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">valine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoisovaleric_acid" title="Alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid">α-Ketoisovaleric acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Isobutyryl-CoA" title="Isobutyryl-CoA">Isobutyryl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Methacrylyl-CoA" title="Methacrylyl-CoA">Methacrylyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA" title="3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA">3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyisobutyric_acid" title="3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid">3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic_acid" title="2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid">2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic_acid" title="2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid">2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Methylbutyryl-CoA" title="2-Methylbutyryl-CoA">2-Methylbutyryl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tiglyl-CoA" title="Tiglyl-CoA">Tiglyl-CoA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA" title="2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA">2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><p><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Generation_of_homocysteine" title="Methionine">generation of homocysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/S-Adenosyl_methionine" title="S-Adenosyl methionine">S-Adenosyl methionine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine" title="S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine">S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">Homocysteine</a><br /></p><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Conversion_to_cysteine" title="Methionine">conversion to cysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cystathionine" title="Cystathionine">Cystathionine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketobutyric_acid" title="Alpha-Ketobutyric acid">alpha-Ketobutyric acid</a>+<a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketobutyric_acid" title="Alpha-Ketobutyric acid">α-Ketobutyric acid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">propionyl-CoA</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA" title="Methylmalonyl-CoA">Methylmalonyl-CoA</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">G→<a href="/wiki/Fumarate" title="Fumarate" class="mw-redirect">fumarate</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic_acid" title="4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid">4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Homogentisic_acid" title="Homogentisic acid">Homogentisic acid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/4-Maleylacetoacetate" title="4-Maleylacetoacetate">4-Maleylacetoacetate</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">G→<a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetate" title="Oxaloacetate" class="mw-redirect">oxaloacetate</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a></i></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Other</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;;"><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine_metabolism" title="Cysteine metabolism">Cysteine metabolism</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine_sulfinic_acid" title="Cysteine sulfinic acid">Cysteine sulfinic acid</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template:Amino acid metabolism enzymes">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolic_pathology" title="Template:Amino acid metabolic pathology">disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Template:Neurotransmitters"><span title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitters" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitters"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Neurotransmitters&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartate</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">DMG</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" title="Glutamate" class="mw-redirect">Glutamate</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid (Transtorine)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartylglutamate" title="N-Acetylaspartylglutamate" class="mw-redirect">NAAG (Spaglumic acid)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Methylglycine" title="Methylglycine" class="mw-redirect">NMG (Sarcosine)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Trimethylglycine" title="Trimethylglycine">TMG (Betaine)</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" title="Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect">Endocannabinoids</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonylglycerylether" title="2-Arachidonylglycerylether" class="mw-redirect">2-AGE (Noladin ether)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoylethanolamine" title="N-Arachidonoylethanolamine" class="mw-redirect">AEA (Anandamide)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyldopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyldopamine" class="mw-redirect">NADA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/O-Arachidonoylethanolamine" title="O-Arachidonoylethanolamine" class="mw-redirect">OAE (Virodhamine)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Oleamide" title="Oleamide">Oleamide</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Gasotransmitter" title="Gasotransmitter">Gasotransmitters</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine" title="Monoamine" class="mw-redirect">Monoamines</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine (Adrenaline)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Normelatonin" title="Normelatonin">Normelatonin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">Purines</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">Trace amines</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-ITA</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-MeO-DMT</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect">DMT</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/N-Methyltryptamine" title="N-Methyltryptamine">NMT</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Thyronamine" title="Thyronamine">Thyronamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Others</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><p><a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-BD</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">See also <a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides">Template:<b>Neuropeptides</b></a></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><!-- NewPP limit reportPreprocessor node count: 15422/1000000Post-expand include size: 294713/2048000 bytesTemplate argument size: 176694/2048000 bytesExpensive parser function count: 1/500--><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:63541-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20100105123454 --><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid</a>"</div> <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks'><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Amino_acids" title="Category:Amino acids">Amino acids</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Category:Proteinogenic amino acids">Proteinogenic amino acids</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Glucogenic_amino_acids" title="Category:Glucogenic amino acids">Glucogenic amino acids</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Acidic_amino_acids" title="Category:Acidic amino acids">Acidic amino acids</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Dicarboxylic_acids" title="Category:Dicarboxylic acids">Dicarboxylic acids</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurotransmitters" title="Category:Neurotransmitters">Neurotransmitters</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Flavour_enhancers" title="Category:Flavour enhancers">Flavour enhancers</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Umami_enhancers" title="Category:Umami enhancers">Umami enhancers</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Glutamates" title="Category:Glutamates">Glutamates</a></span></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemboxes_which_contain_changes_to_watched_fields" title="Category:Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields">Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></span> | <span dir='ltr'><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements">Articles with unsourced statements</a></span></div></div> <!-- end content --> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="column-one"> <div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"> <h5>Views</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li> <li id="ca-talk"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Glutamic_acid" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li> <li id="ca-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. [e]" accesskey="e">Edit this page</a></li> <li id="ca-history"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">History</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-personal"> <h5>Personal tools</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <li id="pt-optin-try"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UsabilityInitiativeOptIn&from=Glutamic_acid" title="Try out new features" class="no-text-transform">Try Beta</a></li> <li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Glutamic_acid" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in / create account</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-logo"> <a style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Wiki.png);" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); </script> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-navigation'> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Navigation</h5> <div class='pBody'> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content — the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" class="portlet"> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en"><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5> <div id="searchBody" class="pBody"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input id="searchInput" title="Search Wikipedia" accesskey="f" value="" name="search" /> <input type='submit' name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" /> <input type='submit' name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" /> </form> </div> </div> <div class='generated-sidebar portlet' id='p-interaction'> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Interaction</h5> <div class='pBody'> <ul> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Support_Wikipedia/en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-help"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portlet" id="p-tb"> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Toolbox</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Glutamic_acid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Glutamic_acid" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="List of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glutamic_acid&oldid=334637416" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&page=Glutamic_acid&id=334637416" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="portlet"> <h5 lang="en" xml:lang="en">Languages</h5> <div class="pBody"> <ul> <li class="interwiki-bn"><a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ca"><a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_glut%C3%A0mic">Català</a></li> <li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_glutamov%C3%A1">Česky</a></li> <li class="interwiki-da"><a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyre">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamins%C3%A4ure">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_glut%C3%A1mico">Español</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eo"><a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutama_acido">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_glutamiko">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_glutamique">Français</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%ED%83%90%EC%82%B0">한국어</a></li> <li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_glutamat">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_glutammico">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA">עברית</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutam%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamat">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamo_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsav">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminezuur">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8">日本語</a></li> <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyre">Norsk (bokmål)</a></li> <li class="interwiki-oc"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_glutamic">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_glutaminowy">Polski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_glut%C3%A2mico">Português</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0">Русский</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyselina_glut%C3%A1mov%C3%A1">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminska_kislina">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamiinihappo">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminsyra">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamik_asit">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0">Українська</a></li> <li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8">中文</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div id="footer"> <div id="f-poweredbyico"><a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/skins-1.5/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" height="31" width="88" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" /></a></div> <div id="f-copyrightico"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="/images/wikimedia-button.png" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a></div> <ul id="f-list"> <li id="lastmod"> This page was last modified on 29 December 2009 at 00:01.</li> <li id="copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>;additional terms may apply.See <a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.<br/>Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li><li><a class='internal' href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact us</a></li> <li id="privacy"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> </div></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window.runOnloadHook) runOnloadHook();</script><!-- Served by srv185 in 0.055 secs. --></body></html>